Purpose: This systematic review investigates whether infrared thermography (IRT) can measure systemic vasoconstriction and addresses the value of IRT in assessing circulatory deficiency and prognoses.
Methods: Design was based on the PRISMA criteria and a systematic search of 6 databases was performed.
Results: Of 3,198 records, five articles were included. Three clinical studies were identified; two found significant correlations between IRT obtained temperatures and mortality. An experimental study found an association between peripheral temperature and stroke volume. An animal study found that central-peripheral temperature differences correlated with shock index, mean arterial pressure, and disease progression.
Conclusions: Data from the most valid study suggests that central-peripheral temperature differences should be investigated further, both on its own, and integrated with other variables.
References
- Eastridge BJ, Salinas J, McManus JG, Blackburn L, Bugler EM, Cooke WH, Convertino VA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB (2007) Hypotension begins at 110 mm Hg: redefining “hypotension” with data. J Trauma 63(2):291-297; discussion 297-299. doi:10.1097/ TA.0b013e31809ed924
- Alam N, Hobbelink EL, van Tienhoven AJ, van de Ven PM, Jansma EP, Nanayakkara PW (2014) The impact of the use of the Early Warning Score (EWS) on patient outcomes: a systematic review. Resuscitation 85 (5):587-594. doi:10.1016/j. resuscitation.2014.01.013
- Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM (1992) A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. JAMA 268 (12):1578-1580
- Joly HR, Weil MH (1969) Temperature of the great toe as an indication of the severity of shock. Circulation 39 (1):131-138
- Aynsley-Green A, Pickering D (1974) Use of central and peripheral temperature measurements in care of the critically ill child. Arch Dis Child 49 (6):477-481
- Ross BA, Brock L, Aynsley-Green A (1969) Observations on central and peripheral temperatures in the understanding and management of shock. Br J Surg 56 (12):877-882
- Bourcier S, Pichereau C, Boelle PY, Nemlaghi S, Dubee V, Lejour G, Baudel JL, Galbois A, Lavillegrand JR, Bige N, Tahiri J, Leblanc G, Maury E, Guidet B, Ait-Oufella H (2016) Toe-to-room temperature gradient correlates with tissue perfusion and predicts outcome in selected critically ill patients with severe infections. Ann Intensive Care 6 (1):63. doi:10.1186/s13613-016-0164-2
- Jungst BK (1974) [The differences in temperature between rectum and toes as peripheral shock-index (author’s transl)]. Klin Padiatr 186 (3):228-235
- Coulic V, Novikov V, Devriendt J, Gillet C, Bodson A, DeKoster E (2007) Use of a temperature gradient measuring device in monitoring of diabetic and critically ill patients. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007:3508-3511. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353087
- El-Radhi AS, Barry W (2006) Thermometry in paediatric practice. Arch Dis Child 91 (4):351-356. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.088831
- Walker GA, Runde D, Rolston DM, Wiener D, Lee J (2013) Emergency department rectal temperatures in over 10 years: A retrospective observational study. World J Emerg Med 4 (2):107-112. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2013.02.004
- Shin J, Kim J, Song K, Kwak Y (2013) Core temperature measurement in therapeutic hypothermia according to different phases: comparison of bladder, rectal, and tympanic versus pulmonary artery methods. Resuscitation 84 (6):810-817. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.023
- Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R, Spady D, Joffres MR (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45 (4):317-323. doi:10.1007/BF03012021
- Jefferies S, Weatherall M, Young P, Beasley R (2011) A systematic review of the accuracy of peripheral thermometry in estimating core temperatures among febrile critically ill patients. Crit Care Resusc 13 (3):194-199
- Casa DJ, Becker SM, Ganio MS, Brown CM, Yeargin SW, Roti MW, Siegler J, Blowers JA, Glaviano NR, Huggins RA, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM (2007) Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train 42 (3):333-342
- Hooper VD, Andrews JO (2006) Accuracy of noninvasive core temperature measurement in acutely ill adults: the state of the science. Biol Res Nurs 8 (1):24-34. doi:10.1177/1099800406289151
- Thomas KA, Burr R, Wang SY, Lentz MJ, Shaver J (2004) Axillary and thoracic skin temperatures poorly comparable to core body temperature circadian rhythm: results from 2 adult populations. Biol Res Nurs 5 (3):187-194. doi:10.1177/1099800403260620
- Shann F, Mackenzie A (1996) Comparison of rectal, axillary, and forehead temperatures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150 (1):74-78
- Bond RF (1982) A review of the skin and muscle hemodynamics during hemorrhagic hypotension and shock. Adv Shock Res 8:53-70
- Messmer KF (1983) Traumatic shock in polytrauma: circulatory parameters, biochemistry, and resuscitation. World J Surg 7 (1):26-30
- Zanotti Cavazzoni SL, Dellinger RP (2006) Hemodynamic optimization of sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion. Crit Care 10 Suppl 3:S2. doi:10.1186/cc4829
- Kirschenbaum LA, Astiz ME, Rackow EC, Saha DC, Lin R (2000) Microvascular response in patients with cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 28 (5):1290-1294
- Kotani N, Sakai T, Kushikata T, Sato T, Shimodate Y, Matsuki A (1990) [Marked changes in the core temperature during anaphylactic shock]. Masui 39 (7):854-857
- Love TJ (1980) Thermography as an indicator of blood perfusion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 335:429-437
- Rubinstein EH, Sessler DI (1990) Skin-surface temperature gradients correlate with fingertip blood flow in humans. Anesthesiology 73 (3):541-545
- Jones D, Covins SF, Miller GE, Morrison KI, Clark AG, Calcott SD, Anderson AM, Lucas SJE, Imray CHE (2018) Infrared Thermographic Analysis of Surface Temperature of the Hands During Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 19 (4):388-393. doi:10.1089/ham.2018.0008
- Wallace GA, Singh N, Quiroga E, Tran NT (2018) The Use of Smart Phone Thermal Imaging for Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion in Vascular Patients. Ann Vasc Surg 47:157-161. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2017.07.028
- Ring EFJ, Jung A, Zuber J, Rutkowski P, Kalicki B, Bajwa U (2008) Detecting Fever in Polish Children by Infrared Thermography. doi:10.21611/qirt.2008.03_07_17
- Lahiri BB, Bagavathiappan S, Jayakumar T, Philip J (2012) Medical applications of infrared thermography: A review. Infrared Physics & Technology 55 (4):221-235. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2012.03.007
- Vannetti F, Matteoli S, Finocchio L, Lacarbonara F, Sodi A, Menchini U, Corvi A (2014) Relationship between ocular surface temperature and peripheral vasoconstriction in healthy subjects: a thermographic study. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 228 (3):297-302. doi:10.1177/0954411914523755
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6 (7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/ journal.pmed.1000097
- European Association of Thermology (EAT), http://www. europeanthermology.com.
- The American College of Clinical Thermology (ACCT), http:// www.thermologyonline.org.
- Greenhalgh T, Peacock R (2005) Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. BMJ 331 (7524):1064-1065. doi:10.1136/ bmj.38636.593461.68
- Pereira CB, Czaplik M, Blanik N, Rossaint R, Blazek V, Leonhardt S (2014) Contact-free monitoring of circulation and perfusion dynamics based on the analysis of thermal imagery. Biomed Opt Express 5 (4):1075-1089. doi:10.1364/BOE.5.001075
- Kilkenny C, Browne W, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG, National Centre for the Replacement R, Reduction of Amimals in R (2011) Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments--the ARRIVE guidelines. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31 (4):991-993. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.220
- Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA, Esmon C, Bhattacharya J, Coller B, Doerschuk CM, Floros J, Gimbrone MA, Jr., Hoffman E, Hubmayr RD, Leppert M, Matalon S, Munford R, Parsons P, Slutsky AS, Tracey KJ, Ward P, Gail DB, Harabin AL (2003) Future research directions in acute lung injury: summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (7):1027-1035. doi:10.1164/rccm.200208-966WS
- OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011; http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653.
- Cooke WH, Moralez G, Barrera CR, Cox P (2011) Digital infrared thermographic imaging for remote assessment of traumatic injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 111 (6):1813-1818. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00726.2011
- Cooke WH, Ryan KL, Convertino VA (2004) Lower body negative pressure as a model to study progression to acute hemorrhagic shock in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 96 (4):1249-1261. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.01155.2003
- Gabrielsen A, Videbaek R, Schou M, Damgaard M, Kastrup J, Norsk P (2002) Non-invasive measurement of cardiac output in heart failure patients using a new foreign gas rebreathing technique. Clin Sci (Lond) 102 (2):247-252
- Pugsley J, Lerner AB (2010) Cardiac output monitoring: is there a gold standard and how do the newer technologies compare? Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14 (4):274-282. doi:10.1177/1089253210386386
- Ferraris A, Bouisse C, Mottard N, Thiolliere F, Anselin S, Piriou V, Allaouchiche B (2018) Mottling score and skin temperature in septic shock: Relation and impact on prognosis in ICU. PloS one 13 (8):e0202329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202329
- OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. Critical appraisal of Prognostic studies. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2010; http://www.cebm.net/critical-appraisal/.
- Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA, Ammer K (2014) Infrared thermographic investigation of fingers and palms during and after application of cuff occlusion test in patients with hemorrhagic shock. Thermology International 24 (1):5-10
- NEC, https://www.necam.com. Accessed 17th June 2017.
- Holm JK, Kellett JG, Jensen NH, Hansen SN, Jensen K, Brabrand M (2016) Prognostic value of infrared thermography in an emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med. doi:10.1097/ MEJ.0000000000000441
- Tosi M, Andreotti A, Girardis M, Despini F, Muscio A, Tartarini P (2018) Thermoshock: Thermography assessment of thermal patterns in patients with shock: Preliminary results. Crit Care 22 (Supplement 1):P122. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054- 018-1973-5
- Chuck C, Kim K, Luchette K, Capraro G, Merck D, Kirenko I, Van Zon K, Bartula M, Rocque M, Kobayashi L (2018) Pilot study of noncontact vital signs acquisition in emergency department patients. Academic Emergency Medicine 25 (Supplement 1):S280. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.13424
- Henriksen DP, Jensen HC, Laursen CB, Lassen AT (2015) Increased short-term mortality among normothermic patients presenting to a medical emergency department with infection - a cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2015; 23(Suppl 1): A26
- Farenden S, Gamble D, Welch J (2017) Impact of implementation of the National Early Warning Score on patients and staff. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 78 (3):132-136. doi:10.12968/hmed.2017.78.3.132
- Hernandez G, Ospina-Tascon GA, Damiani LP, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegria L, Teboul JL, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Jibaja M, Pairumani R, Fernandez P, Barahona D, Granda-Luna V, Cavalcanti AB, Bakker J, Investigators A-S, the Latin America Intensive Care N (2019) Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 321 (7):654-664. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0071
- Kellett J, Emmanuel A, Deane B (2011) Who will be sicker in the morning? Changes in the Simple Clinical Score the day after admission and the subsequent outcomes of acutely ill unselected medical patients. Eur J Intern Med 22 (4):375-381. doi:10.1016/j. ejim.2011.03.005
- Berger T, Green J, Horeczko T, Hagar Y, Garg N, Suarez A, Panacek E, Shapiro N (2013) Shock index and early recognition of sepsis in the emergency department: pilot study. West J Emerg Med 14 (2):168-174. doi:10.5811/westjem.2012.8.11546
- Jensen NH, Brabrand M (2017) Can Infrared cameras be used in the Emergency Department as a prognostic tool? Unpublished master’s thesis. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Knobel RB, Guenther BD, Rice HE (2011) Thermoregulation and thermography in neonatal physiology and disease. Biol Res Nurs 13 (3):274-282. doi:10.1177/1099800411403467
