Volume 12, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 64 (2013)

Editorial

Let’s be honest – the past few months have been tough for anyone working at the hospital coalface. Even the most optimistic masters of NHS spin will have had difficulty denying some of the harsh realities which have faced staff, and patients; often on a daily basis. The Royal College of Physicians’ report Hospitals on the Edge, published last September, presented a gloomy picture of a system on the brink of collapse, becoming overwhelmed by year-round demands which continue to grow inexorably. Then came winter, Norovirus – and Robert Francis. His much anticipated, and long-delayed, report with its 293 recommendations, should be seen as a wake-up call to those in the position to effect change. The political, and media focus so far has been on the failures to recognise what went wrong – target culture, whistleblowing and regulation, as well as individual failings. All of these need to change, but the root causes of the problem should also not be forgotten. I have no doubt that many healthcare workers and patients reading the report from across the UK will have had days, and experiences which were not dissimilar to many of those described in Mid Staffs. The demands on our service, and the expectations of its users is rising; and yet we cannot expand our capacity to meet these demands. The past decade has seen countless efforts to improve efficiency and flow at the hospital front door: admission prevention schemes, ambulatory care, community geriatric services, chest pain pathways and rapid access clinics, to name but a few, have squeezed down the length of hospital stay for many patients. Undoubtedly there is more that can be done; systems can still be improved, but the hamster wheel needs to turn faster and faster each year – and the hamster is getting tired.

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Problem based review: The patient taking methadone

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is an effective therapy for opioid-dependence; its use is based on a harm reduction philosophy and represents one of a range of treatment approaches for opioid-dependent individuals.

The medical literature supports MMT as a well established and cost-effective treatment for opioid-dependence that allows a return-to-normal physiological, psychological and societal functioning. The effectiveness of MMT is enhanced by psycho-social interventions such as contingency management and addressing other co-existing health and social needs. MMT saves lives and reduces violent and non-violent crime, drug use and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis C and other communicable diseases. For some people, MMT may continue for life, while others may eventually be able to discontinue and remain abstinent.

Methadone interacts with numerous drugs and prolongs the corrected QT interval (QTc) with risk of sudden cardiac death. It has a prolonged half-life and premature discharge of patients after methadone overdose may be fatal.

Each patient must be assessed, treated and monitored on an individual basis. Successful outcomes through MMT require knowledge, experience, vigilance, and diligence on the part of the physician, the patient and all of those involved in treatment.

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Problem-based review: The patient with acute heart failure

Acute heart failure is a common and potentially life threatening presentation to hospitals in the UK. Acute Physicians at the front door of the hospital will often be involved with the initial management of these patients. Despite its many underlying causes, certain general treatment principles exist. We present a typical clinical scenario followed by an overview of the pathophysiology and management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. The aim is to cover a broad spectrum of therapies ranging from medical treatment up to invasive devices, thereby discussing the available options from the Emergency Department to the Intensive Care Unit.

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Problem-based review: The Patient with Acute Adrenal Failure

Acute adrenal crisis is an important condition to consider in any shocked patient presenting to the acute medical unit. This article aims to highlight the key aspects of initial management, focussing on the importance of rapid recognition and prompt initiation of steroid treatment.

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Is there a role for a diabetes specialist on the AMU?

Many specialists have taken time to adjust to the development of acute medicine and Acute Medical Units (AMUs). As these concepts have evolved, so has the understanding of how specialists can better interact with their new acute medicine colleagues and how they help to ensure the smooth running of one of the most vital cogs of the hospital ‘machine’. For some specialties (Cardiology , Respiratory Medicine etc), it has been relatively straightforward to integrate into the new model - perhaps due to the sheer numbers of acute patients relevant to those specialties. However, for the chronic disease specialties such as diabetes, it has been less easy to understand how to optimize the interface with acute medicine.

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An unexpected cause of sepsis in a patient with dental decay (Answers)

The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography which confirmed the presence of a calcified intracardiac mass in the right atrium, with significant tricuspid insufficiency and compression of the left atrium (Figure 2). CT angiography of the thorax revealed the tumour was 7.2x5.3x4.4 cm. Initially, no pulmonary vascular abnormalities were seen.

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An unexpected cause of sepsis in a patient with dental decay

A 42-year old man attended our emergency department with sudden onset of nausea, fever and cold sweats. In the days prior to presentation, he had developed a radiating pain in the thoracic spine. Furthermore, he had been suffering from dyspnoea on exertion for several weeks. He was a smoker, but had no significant past medical history.

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