Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 45 – 80 (2005)

Picture Quiz (Answer)

Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins are widely used in hospitalised patients for the treatment of DVT, pulmonary embolism and acute coronary syndromes, as well as for thromboprophylaxis. Rectus sheath hematoma is a recognised, but sometimes misdiagnosed, complication of treatment with anticoagulant therapy,1 including full and prophylactic doses of low molecular weight heparin.2

Studies have shown that the most frequent location of a haematoma is in the lower part of the abdomen. The explanation for this lies in the anatomy of the abdominal wall.3 The rectus abdominis muscle lies between the aponeuroses of the transverse and oblique muscles, which form the so-called rectus sheath. In this lower aspect of the muscle the perforating branches of the inferior epigastric artery running in the preperitoneal fat may rupture causing a large haematoma widely spreading in this loose space. Care should be taken to avoid this area for injection of heparin, particularly in thin patients where inadvertent intramuscular

Picture Quiz (Answer) Read More

Picture Quiz: Abdominal Pain in a patient receiving low molecular weight heparin

A 63 year old lady with known ischaemic heart disease was admitted to hospital with cardiac sounding chest pain. Blood pressure was 161/80 on admission, and full examination was unremarkable. ECG showed ischaemic changes in the inferior leads, and a diagnosis of unstable angina was made. Troponin I was undetectable. She was treated with subcutaneous Enoxaparin 1.5mg/kg and an intravenous nitrate infusion.

Picture Quiz: Abdominal Pain in a patient receiving low molecular weight heparin Read More

Controversies in the management of life

Abstract

Asthma has a complex aetiology with many precipitating factors leading to a final common pathway of airway inflammation and bronchospasm. Patients with asthma are at risk of developing acute exacerbations. A subgroup of these patients develop severe exacerbations. This review will focus on some of the issues in the management of adults with life threatening asthma that remain controversial.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Controversies in the management of life Read More

Should physicians manage hip fractures?

Abstract

Elderly People with hip fractures are among the most frail and medically complex of all hospital inpatients. In one sense, the fracture itself is merely a marker of frailty, and many of these patients would have found themselves on an acute medical ward if they had not broken a bone. Despite this, many centres still expect the orthopaedic team to manage these cases with only token input from physicians. This article explores other models of care for elderly hip fracture patients and looks at the evidence base to support the proposition that physicians should be managing hip fractures.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Should physicians manage hip fractures? Read More

Deep vein thrombosis assessment clinic: Evaluation of a new working practice

Abstract

Suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common reason for medical referral to hospital. We evaluated our new approach to assessment of DVT using combined automated strain gauge plethysmography and pretest probability score in comparison with venous ultrasonography in 100 consecutive patients with suspected DVT referred to the nurse-led clinic. The combined plethysmography and pretest probability score produced a negative predictive value of 99%, positive predictive value 53%, sensitivity 94% and specificity 83% for detection of a DVT. We conclude that our new working practice for DVT assessment is both safe and cost effective and can lead to a reduction in venous ultrasonography of approximately 70%.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Deep vein thrombosis assessment clinic: Evaluation of a new working practice Read More

Amiodarone – induced pulmonary nodules mimiking metastatic lung disease – investigation by somatostatin radio peptide scaning

A 61 year old former paramedic presented to A&E complaining of palpitations. He was found to be in atrial fibrillation, which reverted spontaneously to sinus rhythm. A chest x-ray taken at that time showed multiple pulmonary nodules consistent with metastatic malignancy (Figure 1). In the past he had been treated with amiodarone 200mg daily for 6 years following a previous diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, which had been attributed to alcoholic cardiomyopathy. He had discontinued the drug 8 months earlier, after selfdiagnosing hypotension and bradycardia. A previous chest X-ray, taken before starting amiodarone, was normal.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Amiodarone – induced pulmonary nodules mimiking metastatic lung disease – investigation by somatostatin radio peptide scaning Read More

Myxoedema Coma

Abstract

Myxoedema coma is a rare and extreme presentation of hypothyroidism. It has a poor prognosis due to multisystem decompensation, and demands prompt but careful management in a high-dependency / intensive care setting. Early recognition of hypercapnia, hyponatraemia, and sepsis are especially important. Treatment should begin on suspicion of the diagnosis and can be life-saving. Intravenous thyroid hormone replacement is required at first, with steroid cover, although the optimum dose regimen remains unclear.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Myxoedema Coma Read More

Cardiac Arrhythmias – Part III Narrow Complex Tachycardia

Abstract

Narrow complex tachycardia usually refers to an abnormality of cardiac rhythm involving the tissues of the sinus node, atrial tissue, the atrioventricular node or an accessory atrioventricular communication. Although atrial fibrillation is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia, the term “supraventricular tachycardia” conventionally refers to the group of rhythm disturbances encompassing sinus tachycardia (appropriate and inappropriate), atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) including the Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW). Atrial fibrillation is beyond the scope of this article which focuses on the diagnosis and acute management of the patient presenting with one of these common causes of a regular, narrow complex tachycardia.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

Cardiac Arrhythmias – Part III Narrow Complex Tachycardia Read More

The management of acute pericarditis

Abstract

Acute pericarditis is usually a benign self-limiting condition, often of unexplained or viral aetiology, involving inflammation of the pericardial layers. It is often part of the differential diagnosis in patients admitted with acute chest pain and can be confused with acute myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary embolism and pleurisy. Occasionally it can result in cardiac tamponade and, if associated with myocarditis, in heart failure. This article sets out how to diagnose acute pericarditis, the common underlying causes, the possible treatment options and outcomes.

Please subscribe to see more.
Subscribe
Already a member? Log in here

The management of acute pericarditis Read More

Editoral

Welcome to the second edition of Acute Medicine Volume 4 which, I regret to say, has probably reached you rather later in the year than you were anticipating. Unfortunately printing delays around the time of the change in our journal’s title have pushed back publication dates for both of this year’s editions so far, although I am hopeful that the third will reach subscribers soon after this one.

Our cycle of reviews, which began in 2002, is now nearing its end; by the end of next year this should be complete. Regular subscribers over the past 4 years will soon have the equivalent of a comprehensive textbook of up to date management of conditions presenting themselves on an acute medical ‘take’. How we proceed beyond this is still to be determined; management of many of the conditions described will not have changed dramatically in 5 years, so that simply repeating the cycle may be inappropriate. One option we are considering is to change the emphasis of review articles from ‘diagnosis’ to being ‘problem’ based. An edition may be themed around topics such as ‘The patient with palpitations’ or ‘The patient with pleuritic chest pain’, rather than starting with the diagnosis which may not be apparent at the time of initial assessment. In order to keep them practical for our ‘Acute Medical’ readership, it is essential that, wherever possible, such reviews are written from the perspective of those working within the field. I am therefore open to offers from anyone who has an interest in writing a review article along these lines who should contact me at the address or e-mail shown on this page.

This edition’s reviews represent a mixture of the common and extremely uncommon conditions facing the acute take physician. Ben Turner follows up his previous article on Thyroid Storm with a comprehensive review of the management of Myxoedema Coma. Although rare, its nonspecific presentation and serious consequences are highlighted; lack of ‘routine’ availability of thyroid function tests in the out of hours period or at weekends require that clinical vigilance is maintained. Mark O’Neill concludes his ‘tachyarrhythmia’ series with his review on the management of narrow complex tachycardia, while another cardiologist Dr Tim Wells embarks on a pair of articles describing inflammatory cardiac conditions; endocarditis will follow in a later edition.

Our ‘Regular Features’ section includes two examples of potential complications of commonlyused drugs, namely amiodarone and enoxaparin. Clare Sixsmith’s ‘Viewpoint’ paper entitled ‘Should physicians manage hip fractures?’ raises some interesting questions regarding the need for a specialist ‘Orthogeriatric’ service. More controversies follow in the final paper on the management of life-threatening asthma. We would happily consider publication of letters containing contradictory views on any of these subjects in a future edition of the journal: I would be particularly keen to hear from anyone who has a good word to say about aminophylline. I can’t believe I am the only physician who still thinks it is a useful drug!

Editoral Read More

Shopping Basket
Scroll to Top