Acute renal failure

Caffeine Overdose with Rhabdomyolysis and Hypokalaemia

Case Reports, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 49 - 92 (2007)

Abstract

Caffeine, a normal content of various beverages and over the counter medications, taken in higher doses can cause serious toxicity. Complications like rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, which are life threatening, are reversible if diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Caffeine toxicity can also cause serious hypokalaemia, which needs prompt correction. Here we present a patient with caffeine toxicity complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure who made a complete recovery.

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Alcohol Related Non-traumatic Rhabdomyolysis and Compartment Syndrome

Case Reports, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 1 - 48 (2007)

Abstract

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious and life-threatening condition in which skeletal muscle is damaged, commonly resulting in acute renal failure. The causes of this clinical entity can be traumatic and non-traumatic. In the latter group, alcohol is the commonest cause. This report describes the case of a 25 year old man who presented with rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure after an alcohol binge. He presented with painful legs and lower extremity compartment syndrome. The patient recovered with surgical fasciotomy and renal support. This case illustrates the importance of early recognition and treatment of alcohol related non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome.

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Milk-Alkali Syndrome: An Unusual Cause of Acute Renal Failure

A Case to Remember, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 39 - 74 (2003)

Milk–alkali syndrome is described as a triad of hypercalcaemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal impairment, resulting from the ingestion of calcium and absorbable alkali1. It was more common in the early part of the century when antacids were used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The use of antacids has since been overtaken by H2- receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. More recently, there have been various case reports of milk-alkali syndrome due to the increasing use of calcium carbonate as part of the management of osteoporosis and chronic renal failure, and also the increasing availability of calcium carbonate ‘over the counter’. We describe a case of milk-alkali syndrome due to self-medication with calcium carbonate.

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Acute renal failure

Original Articles, Volume 1 Issue 1, Pages 1 - 32 (2002)

Abstract

The majority of cases of acute renal failure (ARF)occur in hospital, most commonly due to acute tubule necrosis caused by multiple nephrotoxic insults, particularly hypovolaemia, hypotension and nephrotoxic drugs. In- hospital ARF carries a high mortality rate, and every attempt should be made to identify at-risk patients and prevent its development by suitable hydration and avoidance of nephrotoxins. Out-of-hospital ARF typically presents as single organ disease, and, if the cause is readily identified and treated, often carries a good prognosis. ARF diagnoses that require specific treatment, particularly urinary tract obstruction and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,must not be missed. The immediate priority for all patients with ARF is to make them safe from potentially life-threatening metabolic sequelae, with early referral to a nephrologist in case acute dialysis becomes necessary.

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