Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 97 – 148 (2010)

Pneumo-Peritoneum Following PEG Insertion: A Clinical Dilemma

Abstract

We present the case of a 48 year old male with multiple sclerosis who later became unwell with fever and vague abdominal pain 2 days after inserting a percutanous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. His chest x-ray showed gas under the diaphragm. As a result of this, a laparotomy was performed which found no evidence of intra-abdominal sepsis. We discuss the importance of recognising ‘benign’ pneumoperitoneum following PEG insertion. Further imaging, such as abdominal CT scan is desirable prior to consideration of laparotomy when diagnostic uncertainty exists.

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Epinephrine induced leucocytosis in a non-infective exacerbation of asthma

Abstract

In life-threatening cases of Acute Asthma the administration of epinephrine may be given as part of the initial management by paramedics. Concurrent infection is a frequent precipitant of an asthma exacerbation and consequently a leucocytosis is often found in such a situation. This case illustrates that marked leucocytosis can occur without an underlying infective process following epinphrine use.

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A simple educational programme substantially reduces unnecessary use of coagulation screening testing in an acute medical department

Abstract

A review suggested that coagulation screening tests (CST) were frequently performed unnecessarily in our Acute Medical Department. We reviewed the records of all patients for whom CST was ordered in one week (n141) before designing and delivering an e-mail, poster and presentation based educational programme to clinicians. We repeated the review of records three weeks after this programme (n79). The proportion of patients in whom CST was ordered was significantly lower (22% versus 32%, p0.0014) and proportion of CSTs sent with a valid indication was significantly higher (87% versus 49%, p 0.0001) in the second review period. This study demonstrates that a simple educational programme substantially reduces unnecessary use of CST in an acute medical department with significant potential efficiency savings.

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Following National Guidelines in Acute Care can improve emergency access and patient flow

Abstract

This paper describes how a Foundation Trust was able to meet emergency access targets. The Acute Medical Unit (AMU) was expanded from 29 to 81 beds and patients with expected length of stay (LOS) of less than 5 days were managed by the acute medical team only. Acute physicians provided twice-daily ward rounds on the expanded facility, including weekends, supported by specialist teams, allied healthcare professionals and investigation facilities. Within three weeks, the admission process had improved dramatically. Average LOS had decreased by 1.3 days and bed-occupancy was reduced from 98% to 91%. Having failed to achieve the 98% target for 4 consecutive months prior to these changes, the target was subsequently attained consistently. Re-admission rates, percentage mortality rate and numbers of complaints were unaffected.

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General medical follow-up clinics – does the traditional model need to be updated for new traditional model need to be updated for new acute physicians?

Abstract

The follow up arrangements were reviewed for 212 patients discharged from our Medical Admissions Unit (MAU) prior to the appointment of an acute medical consultant. 19 patients (9%) were referred to speciality clinics, with only 1 patient being followed-up in a ‘general’ medical clinic; the patient’s GP was requested to follow up the majority of the outstanding results. Based on these results there appears little need or acute medical consultants to undertake ‘traditional’ outpatient follow-up clinics. Acute medical clinics may have other roles in enabling admission avoidance and reducing length of hospital stay.

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Takayasu’s Arteritis: an important cause of stroke in younger patients

Abstract

Stroke in young patients is important and early diagnosis of Takayasu’s Arteritis as the cause will assist in acute management. A retrospective notes review of six patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms secondary to TA was performed.

Three male and three female patients (mean age of 32.2 years) were identified. Neurological presentations included four ischaemic strokes, one TIA, and one syncopal episode. Pulse loss, bruit, or a difference in brachial blood pressures was evident in five patients at presentation. 4 patients had a previous history of TIA, 3 had prior ischaemic limb symptoms and 1 had prodromal symptoms.

A history of limb ischaemia, prodromal symptoms, absent pulses and asymmetric blood pressure should alert the clinician to possible TA.

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Management of Acute Ischaemic Stroke in the Acute Medical Unit

Abstract

Ischaemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability which costs the NHS £2.8 billion/year. Acute stroke care is developing rapidly in line with an increasing evidence base. Intravenous thrombolysis is now recommended by NICE. For this guidance to be effectively implemented stroke must be viewed as a medical emergency by both the public and professionals. Emergency medical services must work in partnership with stroke services to establish systems and protocols which offer high quality acute stroke care. This provides challenges, both in systems design and delivery of clinical care.

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Editorial

The end of the year is often a time for ref lection – many healthcare professionals have the opportunity of a couple of relaxing weeks over Christmas to draw breath and plan for the coming year with renewed enthusiasm. This is never quite true for Acute Medicine – any brief respite in the lead-up to Christmas week is soon forgotten during the chaos which follows. The ritual search for beds in any available hospital ward is as much a part of the AMU festive season as the Christmas party and the tinsel tree (circa 1980) – which will eventually be discovered, and banned, by Infection Control. However, it remains important to make time for ref lection and service planning. Syed Ahmed’s article on p114 demonstrates the value of this approach, with dramatic improvements in patient f low and achievement of emergency access targets following changes to their model of care. Of course the pressure to provide such improvements may be reduced, following the Health Secretary’s announcement of the intention to end the ‘4 hour target’ next year. Derek Bell’s ‘Viewpoint’ article on p137 provides readers with some of the history behind the original target, and expresses concerns regarding the dangers of a return to long, and inappropriate, waits on ED trolleys for medical admission. In order to avoid this, acute physicians will need to work with politicians to ensure that any new quality indicators include some measure of ‘timeliness’ in the assessment, initial management and movement of medical patients.

One of the effects of the 4 hour target has been a recognition that delays in obtaining blood test results can impact on the speed of decision making at the ‘front door’. This has often led to blood sampling being undertaken before clinical assessment has been completed. Ensuring that the appropriate results are available may lead to unnecessary testing, particularly tests of coagulation which cannot easily be ‘added on’ to existing samples at a later time. Lewis and colleagues remind us of the need to consider the costs of this approach – with a price tag in excess of £12 per coagulation sample it is likely that the pendulum will require a nudge in the opposite direction. Their educational programme was successful in reducing unnecessary coagulation testing, although sustaining this with new groups of junior doctors rotating through AMU on such as regular basis may prove to be a challenge.

The New Year will also be bringing changes to the structure of this journal. Starting from 2011, each volume will comprise four editions, printed ‘quarterly’ in March, June, September and December. The layout will evolve with fewer case reports and a move towards greater focus on research-based articles. The need for this change has been a regular subject of informal discussions with readers, as well as the reader survey which was circulated earlier this year and is summarised later in this edition. In the past this move has been inhibited by the lack of submissions, with case reports still comprising the majority of our weekly mailbox. However, the balance is gradually shifting, and this will also support our application for Indexing in MEDLINE which remains a vital part of this journal’s development. In response to comments from the large numbers of trainees who read the journal we are developing a new ‘Trainee Section’, and I am delighted to welcome Dr Tom Heaps, Acute Medicine SpR, onto the editorial board. It is planned to commission a cycle of ‘problem-orientated’ review articles, aiming to cover the entire knowledge-base of the GIM / AIM curricula during the next 5 years. This exciting project should complement the wealth of diagnosis-based guidelines already available, which are difficult to apply in the acute setting where the cause of a patient’s symptoms has yet to be determined. A regular ‘Journal Watch’ section, summarising recent articles of importance to Acute Physicians, and updates on developments in acute medical training will also feature in this section, which I hope will also be of interest to more senior physicians. Any readers who are interested in contributing to these sections are welcome to contact me at the email address shown on this page.

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