Volume 2

Thoughts from the darkroom…

One of the commonest requests for out of hours imaging is for cranial CT in patients with possible meningitis. Telephone conversations like this may be familiar: "Hello I’m the medical SHO on call….I’d like to request a CT brain please…to rule out raised intracranial pressure before lumbar puncture…no we couldn’t get a good look at his fundi….they didn’t have any tropicamide in A and E…well, perhaps you’d like to do the LP if you don’t think a CT is necessary…" This type of request in fact may or may not be justified depending on the clinical scenario. The perception of radiologists is that few patients with possible meningitis require head CT before lumbar puncture; the perception of physicians is that the majority do. Pole-positions like this invariably generate conflict between our specialities. Can we use the available literature to guide us to a more evidence-based approach which both groups will find acceptable ?

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Milk-Alkali Syndrome: An Unusual Cause of Acute Renal Failure

Milk–alkali syndrome is described as a triad of hypercalcaemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal impairment, resulting from the ingestion of calcium and absorbable alkali1. It was more common in the early part of the century when antacids were used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The use of antacids has since been overtaken by H2- receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. More recently, there have been various case reports of milk-alkali syndrome due to the increasing use of calcium carbonate as part of the management of osteoporosis and chronic renal failure, and also the increasing availability of calcium carbonate ‘over the counter’. We describe a case of milk-alkali syndrome due to self-medication with calcium carbonate.

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Emergency Management of Variceal

Abstract

Variceal haemorrhage is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt emergency therapy. This paper summarises the key aspects of management of this condition in the acute setting, including airway management, fluid resuscitation, and pharmacotherapy. The value of therapeutic endoscopy, balloon tamponade and radiological shunt procedures are also highlighted.

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Acute management of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis is one of the commonest causes of disability in young adults. This review highlights some of the acute presentations of this condition, and how these may be managed in the emergency setting. The role of corticosteroids is discussed, along with the value of other drugs in symptom control during an acute relapse.

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Acute Coronary Syndromes i

Abstract

The acute coronary syndromes form a clinical spectrum, which ranges from unstable angina without myocardial injury, non-ST segment elevation and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. All three conditions share a common pathophysiological basis. The management of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction however, is distinct from the other syndromes and therefore forms the basis of another article in this series. In this article we concentrate on the recognition and management of unstable angina and Non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

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Acute exacerbation of asthma in adults

Abstract

Acute asthma remains an important cause of morbidity adults. The recognition, assessment and appropriate management of acute asthma are essential to avoid unnecessary morbidity and also mortality, which unfortunately still occurs. This article will present an overview of the hospital management of acute asthma exacerbations in adults. The British Thoracic Society(BTS) conjunction with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network(SIGN) published the latest British Guidelines on all aspects of asthma management in February of this year .1 This article is a précis of these latest British guidelines as they relate to acute asthma in adults.

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Editorial

By the time this is published, summer will be over, “Big Brother” will have evicted its final contestant and, no doubt, many of us will still be waiting for the elusive “lull” in emergency pressures. In practice, most acute medical emergencies occur year-round, and even acute asthma appears to be no exception. Whether it is the high pollen count, atmospheric pollution or ozone, our A&E has been literally ‘buzzing’ with nebulisers throughout recent months. Crighton Ramsay’s review of the ward m a n a gement of this condition is a timely sequel to the intensivist’s perspective published last year. This comprehensive paper includes a useful algorithm, based on the current British Thoracic Society guidelines, as well as an excellent pre-discharge checklist, which I can highly recommend. Chest pain remains at number one in our medical admissions countdown from year to year. The National Service Framework for coronary heart disease emphasised the importance of shortening “pain-to-needle” time for patients requiring thrombolysis, but it is the non-ST elevation patients who make up the majority of the workload. Raybould and Groves’ review summarises the management of the group of these who are determined to have acute coronary syndromes, emphasising the importance of risk stratification for these patients. Merrison and Scolding remind us that multiple sclerosis is a disease of affluent (and no doubt internet-browsing) societies. Armed with their excellent review of its emergency management you should stand a chance of knowing as much as the patient next time he or she presents on your acute medical intake. A shortage of suitable submissions means no “how-to-do-it” section, this time. However, Khakoo and Rosenburg have included a useful guide to Sengstaken tube insertion in their review of management of variceal haemorhage. Our “regular features” section includes a case of an important, but frequently forgotten cause of renal failure, while Andrew Crean presents some more of his controversial “thoughts from the dark room”. Once again, submissions along these lines, as well as original research or audits would be most welcome. I hope you find this edition continues to meet your personal CPD requirement for the coming few months.

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A practical guide to the examination and interpretation of pupillary responses

Abstract

Examination of the pupillary responses, being simple, reliable and highly reproducible can elicit one of the "hard" neurological signs. In this article we provide an overview of their assessment in the acute setting, along with some tips on low to get the best from your pen torch.

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