Volume 11

A young patient with heart failure – picture Quiz Question

A 28 year old gentleman presented after an episode of collapse with loss of consciousness.

He gave a history of non-specific malaise and myalgia over the previous 7 days, with fever, a generalised rash and a non productive cough. He developed progressive shortness of breath with sharp, pleuritic chest pain that was unresponsive to antibiotics in the community.

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Endogenous endophthalmitis and liver abscesses

Abstract

We present a case of endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to liver abscesses, in a patient with no previous medical comorbidities or risk factors for immunosuppression. The patient presented with acute painless loss of vision and feeling generally unwell. Investigations revealed Streptococcus anginosus-constellatus bacteraemia, and evidence of diverticular disease that likely predisposed to the liver abscesses. Due to prompt diagnosis and administration of antibiotics, the patient had a good visual outcome. This case highlights the importance of being aware of endogenous endophthalmitis, as early diagnosis and prompt administration of antibiotics will optimise visual outcomes.

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A hot bath to calm what ails you – the Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome

Abstract

The Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) defines a recently described paradoxical association between recurrent vomiting episodes, daily cannabis excess and symptomatic relief with a hot bath or shower. Importantly, symptom resolution only occurs with cessation of cannabis use. We describe a case of CHS which had resulted in repeated hospital admissions. As cannabis use is common, it is important for both patients and Acute Physicians to be aware of this increasingly recognised condition.

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Where Do AMU Nurses Perceive Their Educational Needs? Results of the 20:10 project

Abstract

Our aim was to identify the perceived educational needs of nurses working in acute medicine to enable development of a training curriculum specifically for this staff group.

Methods: Post-graduate nurses from North Wales were invited to list 20 conditions and 10 skills for which they felt under prepared for their work in acute medicine. A workshop was then organized, attended by acute medicine nurses,medical colleagues and educationalists from two local universities to discuss initial data.

Results: Nurses identified particular needs for education around presenting symptoms with perceived deficits in knowledge or training. We found a heavy emphasis on respiratory and cardiac conditions. There was considerable overlap with frequent diagnostic categories from non-surgical hospital discharges and with priorities for training of junior doctors. Skills were often those traditionally associated with medical staff or care of patients with critical illnesses.

Conclusion: The 20:10 project represents the first attempt to map educational needs of nursing staff on the Acute Medical Units of a large University Health Board using self-reported needs. The identified needs will support professional development, create incentives for recruitment and guide University postgraduate developments and commissioning.

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Improving the safety of patient transfer from AMU using a written checklist

Abstract

Unsafe patient transfers are one of the top reasons for incident reporting in hospitals. Criteria guiding safe transfer have been issued by the NHS Litigation Authority. To meet this standard, a “transfer check list” was redesigned for all patients leaving the Acute Medical Unit (AMU) in the Heartlands Hospital. Following the introduction of the checklist two full audit cycles were conducted. The first cycle highlighted an extremely poor uptake of the checklist. After interventions to educate nursing staff and raise awareness of the issues at the regular staff meetings, re-audit demonstrated significant improvement in completion rate. Subsequent monitoring indicates continued improvement, with compliance up to 95% for completion of the transfer checklist on AMU. Incident reporting relating to transfer has also decreased significantly.

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ECG dispersion mapping predicts clinical deterioration, measured by increase in the Simple Clinical Score

Abstract

Objective: ECG dispersion mapping (ECG-DM) is a novel technique that reports abnormal ECG microalternations. We report the ability of ECG-DM to predict clinical deterioration of acutely ill medical patients, as measured by an increase in the Simple Clinical Score (SCS) the day after admission to hospital.

Methods: 453 acutely ill medical patients (mean age 69.7 +/- 14.0 years) had the SCS recorded and ECGDM performed immediately after admission to hospital.

Results: 46 patients had an SCS increase 20.8 +/- 7.6 hours after admission. Abnormal micro-alternations during left ventricular re-polarization had the highest association with SCS increase (p=0.0005). Logistic regression showed that only nursing home residence and abnormal micro-alternations during re-polarization of the left ventricle were independent predictors of SCS increase with an odds ratio of 2.84 and 3.01, respectively.

Conclusion: ECG-DM changes during left ventricular re-polarization are independent predictors of clinical deterioration the day after hospital admission.

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Magnesium and the Acute Physician

Abstract

Magnesium deficiency, and to a lesser extent magnesium excess, is commonly encountered in patients admitted to the Acute Medical Unit. It is important that acute physicians are able to identify those at risk of these states and initiate appropriate investigation and treatment. This article aims to provide the reader with a sound understanding of magnesium physiology and its effect at a cellular level. The causes, symptoms and treatment of magnesium disorders are discussed along with a review of evidence regarding the therapeutic use of magnesium.

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Editorial

The snow and freezing temperatures will hopefully have passed by the time this edition reaches you; the sight of daffodils may be asignal that the relief of spring is not far off. Winter frequently stretches AMU resources to the limit – in recent years we have had epidemics of seasonal and swine f lu, but this year Norovirus seems to have been the bigger challenge. Ward closures from diarrhoea outbreaks have traditionally been more of a ‘downstream’ problem (no pun intended), but the impact of closure of the AMU would be substantial.At the time of writing this has still, thankfully, been avoided in my own hospital; however it remains a circumstance for which we have to be prepared. This edition’s ‘Viewpoint’ article describes how temporary closure of the AMU was managed in a London hospital. The use of an empty ‘winter pressures ward’ eased the burden in this case, enabling the AMU service to be maintained. Even with the luxury of this spare capacity, there was clearly significant disruption, requiring close collaboration between a variety of departments, which is well described by the authors. Many hospitals have become highly dependent on a functioning AMU to provide timely, safe and effective care for medical emergencies. Major incident plans are in place to deal with mass casualty incidents; we need to consider similar contingencies to deal with AMU closure if patient safety is going to be maintained. This article is a timely reminder of the need for forward planning.

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