Abstract
The Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and the Serotonin Syndrome are two rare but potentially fatal complications of psychopharmacology. This review focuses on the clinical aspects of these conditions, exploring the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
[download-attachments container="div" style="list" display_icon="1" display_count="1" display__size="0"]
References
- Caroff SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1980; 41(3): p.79-83.
- Gelenberg AJ, et al; A prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a short-term psychiatric hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988; 145(4): 517-8.
- Keck PE Jr., Pope HG Jr., and McElroy SL. Declining frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a hospital population. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 148(7): p.880-2.
- Lantz MS. Serotonin syndrome: A common but often unrecognized psychiatric condition. Geriatrics. 2001; 56(1): p.52-53.
- Guze BH and Baxter LR Jr. Current concepts. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985; 313(3): p.163-6.
- Nisijima K. Abnormal monoamine metabolism in cerebrospinal fluid in a case of serotonin syndrome [6]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000; 20(1): p.107-108.
- Berardi D, et al; [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Case reports]. Minerva Psichiatrica. 1994; 35(4): p.199-219.
- Dalkilic A and Grosch WN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome following initiation of clozapine therapy [2]. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997; 154(6): p.881-882.
- Hasan S and Buckley P. Novel antipsychotics and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and critique. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 155(8): 1113-6.
- Heyland D and M Sauve. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without the use of neuroleptics. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 1991; 145(7): p.817-819.
- Coulter F and Corrigan FM. Carbamazepine and NMS. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 158(MAR.): p.434-435.
- Lane R and Baldwin D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced serotonin syndrome: Review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997; 17(3): p.208-221.
- Gillman PK. The serotonin syndrome and its treatment. Journal of Psychopharmacology 1999; 13(1): p.100-109.
- Weiner AL, Tilden FF Jr., and McKay CA Jr. Serotonin syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. Connecticut Medicine. 1997; 61(11): p.717- 721.
- DeSilva KE, et al; Serotonin syndrome in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy and fluoxetine. Aids. 2001; 15(10): p.1281-1285.
- Levenson JL, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985; 142(10): p.1137-45.
- Lev R and Clark RF. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting without fever: case report and review of the literature. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994; 12(1): p.49-55.
- Sternbach H, The Serotonin Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 148(6): p.705-713.
- Freeman SA, Clarification of the serotonin syndrome [4]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997; 17(5): p.427.
- Adityanjee. The myth of elevated serum creatine phosphokinase level and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 158(MAY): p.706-707.
- Pelonero AL, Levenson JL, and Pandurangi AK. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review. Psychiatric Services. 1998; 49(9): p.1163-72.
- Lee JW. Serum iron in catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Biological Psychiatry. 1998; 44(6): p.499-507.
- Bertorini TE. Myoglobinuria, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome. Neurologic Clinics. 1997; 15(3): p.649-71.
- Fink M. Toxic serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome? Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996; 29(4): p.159-161.
- Demirkiran M, Jankovic J and Dean JM. Ecstasy intoxication: an overlap between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996; 19(2): p.157-64.
- Philbrick KL and Rummans TA. Malignant catatonia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 1994; 6(1): p.1-13.
- Sachdev P, Mason C and Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case-control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997; 154(8): p.1156-1158.
- Sachdev P, Mason C and Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case-control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997; 154(8): p.1156-8.
- Ueda M, et al; Susceptibility to neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1999; 52(4): p.777-781.
- Fido AA, Postpartum period: a risk factor for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 11(1): p.13-5.
- Burke C, Fulda GJ and Castellano J. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a trauma patient. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 1995; 39(4): p.796-8.
- Hermesh H, et al; Risk of malignant hyperthermia among patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome and their families. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988; 145(11): p.1431-4.
- Patel U, et al; Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting as pulmonary edema and severe bronchorrhea. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002; 94(4): p.279-82.
- Kusumi I and Koyama T. Algorithms for the treatment of acute side effects induced by neuroleptics. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 1999; 53(Suppl): p.S19-22.
- Tsutsumi Y, et al; The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome using dantrolene sodium. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 1998; 52(4): p.433-8.
- Rosenberg MR and Green M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Review of response to therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989; 149(9): p.1927- 31.
- Sakkas P, et al; Drug treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1991; 27(3): p.381-4.
- Kellam AM. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome, so-called. A survey of the world literature. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987; 150: p.752-9.
- Eles GR, Songer JE and DiPette DJ. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984; 144(6): p.1296-7.
- Taniguchi N, et al; Classification system of complications in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Methods & Findings in Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 19(3): p.193-9.
